Understanding The Castles Of Illinois Cultural Studies Essay

Understanding The Castles Of Illinois Cultural Studies Essay Hundreds of students enter the doors of Old Main everyday on their mission of succeeding in their college mathematics classes. Typically, these students call this building the castle. One of Eastern Illinois Universitys trademarks has become the silhouette of the Livingston C. Lord administration building, or the castle Old Main. Many students, and even professors, take this castle for granted. The intricate details and history behind this historical architectural building is overseen. Old Main, is one of five Illinois state colleges to house a building with all five having similar architecture. This architectural style derived from the former Illinois Governor John Altgeld who desired to make the state colleges of Illinois unique and refined. There are many rumors as to how the five Illinois state colleges compare to each other with their castle buildings. These rumors, or stories, try to explain the connection between the five castle buildings from the Illinois state schools. One rumor revolves around the fact that all five castles can be put together to create one large castle. Although some believe that the hallways and corridors may be aligned in such a way that they fit perfectly together, there is no proof of such architectural planning. Another rumor is that the buildings came from a large castle; that these pieces were cut and send to each university where they now lay. This rumor has since been proven wrong. All five of the Illinois castles have an architectural structure that is influenced by Altgeld. However, not all of the castles were built by the same groups of architects. John Peter Altgeld was the 20th governor of the U.S. state of Illinois from 1893 until 1897 (Wikipedia). On top of being an Illinois governor, Altgeld had a large influence on Illinois architecture. John Altgeld believed that the typical public buildings did not look visually pleasing. He referred to their appearance as a relation to warehouses or shops (Frisbie, 6). In order to fix this appearance, Altgeld proposed new buildings with a Tudor-Gothic architectural style. The Tudor Gothic architectural style is a very intricate and detailed design. Battlements, towers, turrets, pointed arches, and label molds all are characteristics of the various Gothic revival styles (The Architecture of Easterns Old Main, 24). Using a naturalistic view, the buildings design revolves around nature. Looking closely at the details of the outside walls, one can see designs of leaves, flowers, and natural shapes carved into the walls and pillars. Another typical feature of this style is the tower. The tower is the section of the building which overlooks the other parts of the structure. It is typically two to three levels higher than the top floor. With the Tudor style, the doors and window are more narrow and smaller. Arches are also a major part of the gothic style. These arches are typically pointed and placed at main points of interest. Focusing on all of these aspects, we can note the distinct design in the five Illinois castles. Looking closely at these colleges c astles, we should see the natural design on the architecture as well as the great arches and towers. Out of the five Illinois state schools, two of the castles are not named after Governor Altgeld. At Eastern Illinois University, they named their Altgeld inspired building after their first president Livingston C. Lord. At Illinois State University, their Altgeld inspired building was once known as Altgelds Folly, but is now known as Cook Hall (Wikipedia). The other three state schools include Altgelds name within their buildings name. These schools include Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Northern Illinois University at DeKalb. Each school has a different story and different mathematics behind them. We are going to focus mainly on Eastern Illinois Universitys building Old Main. However, we will cover the basic history behind each of the other four state schools buildings. Old Main was the first building to be build for Eastern Illinois University. Therefore, before the construction of Old Main there was a lot of action that led to its distinct architecture. Before Eastern Illinois University was even built, there was a large competition between where the new state school would be located. Governor John Peter Altgeld helped create this new state school by signing the act of the Illinois General Assembly which appropriated $50,000 for the establishment of Eastern Illinois State Normal School (The Architecture of Easterns Old Main, 7). The contest to become the seat of the new normal school began with Mattoon, Paris, Danville, Shelbyville, Effingham, Kansas, Tuscola, Charleston, and more (The Architecture of Easterns Old Main, 8). A normal school is meant to train teachers how to perform the correct process of teaching. Not too long after Eastern Illinois State Normal School became a normal school, the schools name changed to Eastern Illinois State Colle ge in 1947. Then in 1957, the school changed its name for the final time to Eastern Illinois University (The Architecture of Easterns Old Main, 20). This is the name it has been ever since. Eastern Illinois University was built in Charleston for one main reason. Charleston offered a great deal to the university if the campus was build within two miles of the Coles County courthouse. Then the city donated 40 acres of land, $35,000 to $45,000 dollars to the school, city water, 4 fire hydrants, and supply the school with water for fifty years at five dollars a year (The Architecture of Easterns Old Main, 9). Any person would conclude that this was a great deal. The city also offered other amenities to help in the construction process. On September 7, 1895, Charleston was officially accepted as the site for Eastern Illinois State Normal School (The Architecture of Easterns Old Main, 9). The forty acres resided on the site known as Bishop Woods and the plans for their first building began. These plans took a few years to develop. Altgeld did not approve of the first plan for the new building, because it did not resemble the Tudor-Gothic architecture. Then in the spring of 18 96, the plan for the first building was approved and lined out by the Chicago firm of Angus and Gindele (The Architecture of Easterns Old Main, 11). Altgeld is known to have an influence on Old Main by requesting the architects that specialize in the Tudor-Gothic style. The first stone of the brick and limestone edifice was laid on April 11, 1896 (The Architecture of Easterns Old Main, 11). Figure 1 (EIU)- from Wikipedia The final decision on Old Mains structure is not on record. When Angus and Gindele brought the final architectural plan to the site, they noted that there were changes that need to be made with the porch, main tower, and walls ( The Architecture of Easterns Old Main, 31). Within the drawings, there was a more detailed roofline which is not seen on the building. At this time, the project acquired a new architect, Charles Ward Rapp of Chicago (The Architecture of Easterns Old Main, 31). Charles had previously designed Altgeld Hall for Southern Illinois Normal University. The final, and current, building Old Main can be seen in figure 1. There is disagreement that Altgeld had a role in designing Old Main, but he definitely had an influence on the buildings style. He was the one to suggest the style, approve the layout, and approve the structure that would remain on the forty acres. In Altgelds second biennial message to the Illinois legislature he stated, After an examination of the subject I became satisfied that the most inexpensive, as well as the most impressive architectural style of buildings that are to stand alone in a grove, or in a field, is what has been called the Tudor-Gothic styleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This style has consequently been adopted in most buildings that have been erected in the last two years, and is found to be very effective (The Architecture of Easterns Old Main, 12). This speech led to believe that Altgeld not only found an inexpensive way to create buildings with state schools, but to also have these buildings be visually beautiful. Old Main, is now described as a three-story, normal style, building of brick and limestone construction (Winkleblack, 23). It houses the department of admissions as well as the mathematics and computer science courses. Figure 2 from history of EIUs Old Main webpage Tudor-Gothic architectural style can be seen in both Old Main, Pemberton Hall, and Booth Library located on the Eastern Illinois University campus. This type of architectural style was used with the early to mid 1900s. Within Old Main one can note the large ceilings, arches, tall door frames, and naturalistic details. As seen in figure 2, Old Mains original design was very intricate. Currently, the first, the second, and the third floors are open to students for mathematics classes and administrative purposes. However, around 1920 the fifth floor of Old Mains tower was used as storage for library books and part of a hallway for a reading room (Booth Library, 6). Currently the tower is closed off to the students and public. Altgelds influence not only affected Eastern Illinois Universitys Old Main architecture, but he also influenced more state schools buildings. A total of five Illinois state schools host a building with the Tudor-Gothic architecture influenced by John Altgeld. Each school has their own story of how their part of the Altgelds castle came to be. The current five Illinois castles are said to all resemble the Tudor-Gothic architectural style and are all fireproofed in order to preserve their structure. Many of these castles have already been renovated to keep them from deteriorating. Figure 3 (SIU) from Wikipedia Just before Eastern Illinois Universitys Old Main was build, Southern Illinois University was planning on recreating their first building with Altgelds Tudor-Gothic architectural style. When Southern Illinois University first opened as a state school, their first building was dedicated on the opening day of July 1, 1874 (Lentz, 18). Their first buildings architecture resembled the Romaic-Gothic style. Its length from north to south was 215 feet and projecting to the front and rear was 109 feet with the side wings (Lentz, 18). This building was burnt down in a fire during the year of 1883. However, this buildings foundation was used to rebuild the facility with Altgelds inspired castle structure. In 1895, the rebuilding campaign went forward with the cordial support of the Altgeld Administration (Lentz, 56). This new building, which can be seen in figure 3, formerly entitled Altgeld Hall is now used primarily for the science courses at Southern Illinois University. This buildings formal name of Altgeld Hall, is said to describe the style of buildings constructed during the Altgeld period. Since then, this building has gone under two renovations to help preserve its structure and artistic style. Figure 4 (NIU) from Wikipedia The construction of Northern Illinois University first began in 1895. Governor John Altgeld signed the legislation which jump started the creation of Northern Illinois University. To commemorate this gesture, the first building build on the Northern Illinois University campus was entitled Altgeld Hall but was informally known as the Castle on the Hill (Wikipedia). Altgeld Hall can be seen in figure 4. The construction of this first building took just over four Figure 4 (NIU) from Wikipediayears to complete. Again, since Governor Altgeld wanted all of the state schools to be unified with the Tudor-Gothic architecture, this building was built with this style in mind. This first building was the main component of Northern Illinois University for quite some time. When Altgeld Hall first opened, it housed the entire university. It was classroom, boardroom, library, gymnasium, administrative office building, and lecture hall. It housed chemical and physical laboratories, executive offices, a 1,200 seat auditorium , biology labs, a study hall, a museum, classrooms, a manual training shop, an independent water system, and finally a dynamo for light and power (wikipedia). In 1999, this building went under a five year renovation to update its structure from deterioration. Currently this building is served as a house for administrative purposes and technology teaching laboratories. Figure 5 (U of I) from Wikipedia In 1897, architects Nathan Clifford Ricker and James White completed the fourth edition to the castle-style buildings constructed under the order of Governor John Peter Altgeld (Wikipedia). This fourth Altgeld castle belongs to the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. Although Altgeld preferred the Tudor-Gothic style of architecture, the castle at University of Illinois has more of a Romanesque style. (As seen in Figure 5) The reason this state school chose the Romanesque style was based on their weather conditions. This castle had many names and purposes. It was first known as the University Library, then the Law Building, and finally named Altgeld Hall. In 1998, an effort was under way to complete a major carillon for the 132 foot tall bell tower (Frisbie, 6). This building currently resides the mathematics department and mathematics library. Figure 6 (ISU) from Wikipedia The last of the five castles was to begin its construction during the panic of 1893. This building was to be constructed in the already existing campus of Illinois State University. Because of the scarce times, the construction was postponed. While this building was being postponed, two additional buildings were constructed. Then in 1955 the construction for the fifth castle began and the building was completed on September of 1956 (Marshall, 8). This building was made with Bedford limestone and was built to be fireproof. Since it was fireproof, this building became Illinois State Universitys library. This new building was named after the schools fourth president, Jesse Williston Cook. Cook Hall, was later turned into the schools gymnasium. This building is also known as the Old Castle, The Gymnasium, and Altgelds Folly (ISU). Currently, Cook Hall is home to the musical department and can be seen in figure 6. Altgeld wanted to unify the Illinois state schools in a distinct way. He encouraged each state school to build their first, or main, building in the Tudor-Gothic style. He believed this style demonstrated refinement as well as aesthetically pleasing to the viewers of these campuses. Altgeld buildings were an expression of the former governors determination that a first-class education be available to all state residents (Frisbie, 6) Since Altgeld helped sign the legislature to build most of these campuses, these state school on thought it right to name their buildings after Altgeld himself. Currently, almost all of these five structures are the oldest buildings on the state campuses. Out of the five state schools to host part of the Altgelds caste, three have, or currently, house the mathematics department. It seems only correct for the mathematics department to reside in the most historical and architecturally intricate buildings on the state campuses.

Korea Essay -- essays research papers

The Korean Religious Heritage Korea's religious heritage has contributed to the teaching of the Unification Church. Since it first appeared on Korean soil and was nourished by the Korean philosophy of life, the new movement was naturally influenced to some extent by its environment. Just as Eastern Orthodoxy cannot be understood apart from Christian Hellenism, and Roman Catholicism is a product of Latin civilization, so the Unification Church greatly profited from the religious development of its homeland. Korea's indigenous religion, like that of most early cultures, was a form of shamanism. This original faith has never completely disappeared and still exerts considerable influence. Ancient Koreans believed in a variety of supernatural spirits, both good and evil. But more important was the one supreme Spirit, Hananim, the creator and beneficent ruler over creation. This high God was worshipped at mountain shrines; and to win his favor animal sacrifices were offered at appropriate times. Springtime and harvest festivals were particularly important. For more details, one can look at my book entitled Faiths of the Far East. 1 For our purposes, it is merely necessary to point out that from time immemorial Koreans believed in the existence of one Lord of heaven and earth as well as numerous lesser spirits. From earliest times Koreans have experienced direct contact with supernatural powers. Furthermore, shamanism emphasized Korea's unique role in history. Traditionally, Koreans dressed in white, because this symbolized their faith that they were children of the divine light. For centuries the shamans taught that Koreans had been chosen for a special purpose in God's plan for mankind. One should therefore not overlook the religious dimension of Korean nationalism. Then, as Buddhism spread from India across East Asia, it was planted in Korea. For a thousand years, Mahayana Buddhism, which came via China, was the court religion and popular faith of the Korean monarchy. Numerous Buddhist temples were erected at government expense. Monks and nuns became a normal feature of Korean society. Education and the fine arts were inspired by Buddhist teachings. Powerful abbots were advisors to the king as well as being the teachers of conventional morality. It would be impossible to exaggerate the religious, ethical and cultural effect which a millennium of Buddhist life a... ...s case came to trial several months later, he was completely exonerated. In spite of persecution, the Unification Church continued to grow. In 1958 a missionary was sent to Japan and the following year I came to Eugene, Oregon, as the first missionary to the United States. By 1975 missionary teams had been sent to one hundred and twenty countries. In 1960 Reverend Moon married Hak Ja Han. He and his wife moved to America in 1972, where he had begun nation-wide speaking tours. These culminated in the Madison Square Garden rally. As a result of this American publicity, the foundation was laid for an immense World Rally for Korean Freedom in Seoul at which Reverend Moon spoke to more than one million people on June 7, 1975. His Yankee Stadium appearance took place on June 1, 1976, and the Washington Monument Rally on September 18, 1976, provided an appropriate finale to Reverend Moon's public speaking campaigns in the United States. Throughout his life, his motto has been: To restore the world, Let us go forth With the heart of the Father In the shoes of a servant, Shedding sweat for the earth, Tears for man And blood for heaven. 9 Hyo-Won Eu. The Apostolic Herald, November, 1956.

Priyagold History Essay

After the research objectives have been specified (step 1) and the list of needed information has been prepared (step 2), the researcher should determine whether such information is already available, either in company records or in outside sources, certainly, the researcher should not collect data from the field until the appropriate secondary sources of information have been reviewed. If the needed information is not available from secondary sources, the researcher will have to collect data in the field, and so it will be necessary to design a data collection project. Researcher encounter many possible sources of error when designing a data collection project. Some of these include using a poor or inappropriate research design not using experimental designs where possible); using a large scale study instead of a small scale study, or vice versa; using poor experimental designs; and still others. To minimize the possible sources of error associated with designing a data collection project, the following five issues must be given attention first To a great extent, this issue is likely to be determining by the research objective and the situation leading to the request for research. Exploratory research is likely to be used when investigating a potential opportunity or problem and conclusive research is likely to be used when the research is likely to be used when the research findings are expected to result in specific decision being made or specific actions being taken.

To Kill a Mockingbird and the Jim Crow Laws

To Kill a Mockingbird and the Jim Crow Laws Can you imagine living in a nation where you are treated as a lesser human being just because of the color of your skin? The events that happen in the ‘Mocking Bird’ can be related to the Jim Crow rules as blacks were discriminated and treated as less equal members of the society. The Jim Crow Laws were enacted in the late 19th century and were in effect till the 1960s. The laws allowed for racial segregation in all public places in the Southern states in America (Chin and Wagner 65). According to the regulations, African Americans were to have separate facilities, most notably public transport. It was considered a crime when a black person was found in an area that was considered as reserved for whites. In as much as the laws stated that the African American had equal but separate status in the society, their welfare was mostly ignored, and their facilities were not maintained according to the required standards (Hacker 76). Their institutions were not allocated adequate funds, and this led to the marginalization of the black community. Notably, this can be related to the novel, ‘To Kill a Mockingbird,’ which was published in 1960. The story focuses on racism and racial inequality. Observably, the African Americans were the most affected by the Jim Crow Laws. They were constantly under threat of attack or intimidation from their white counterparts (Gullickson 187). Even though they were free and the government recognized this status, they did not feel free in the real sense. The white supremacists were seemingly strengthened by the enactment of Jim Crow rules since they had justifiable reasons for persecuting or attacking the African Americans (Edgar 58). In the ‘To Kill a Mocking Bird,’ Tom Robinson, an African-American, is accused of raping a white girl. Although he is proven to be innocent, he is still convicted. Observably, he is convicted because of his status as a black man. Primarily, comparing this to the situation during the period, the white supremacists always had their way in the justice system, even when the African Americans were proven to be innocent of any crime. They did everything to ensure that the African Americans did not enjoy their freedom in America. It is similar to what happens in the novel as the jury convicts Tom despite being convinced that he did not commit the crime. â€Å"The state has not produced one iota of medical evidence that the crime Tom Robinson is charged with ever took place† (Lee 203). The statement means that despite that fact that the court did not have anything to incriminate Tom; he was still sent to jail. However, comparing the events in the novel to the events during the Jim Crow Laws, one notes some distinctions. For instance, during the Jim Crow period, the law enforcement agencies tried to remain impartial even though most of them were corrupted. In the novel, Tom was convicted simply because he was a black, and the law enforcement agencies are clearly observed to take sides. His death is also questionable as he is shot in unclear circumstances. â€Å"He was running during their exercise session. They claim that he went to the fence and started climbing.† (Lee 235). From this statement, one can note that there is doubt in the speech as Atticus does not believe that Tom was killed trying to escape from prison. To conclude this discussion, the novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ is about racial inequality. It can be linked to what the blacks were experiencing in the hands of their white counterparts during the period when the Jim Crow Laws were in effect. Notably, the issues can be observed in the modern society where white supremacists shoot and injure or kill helpless and unarmed blacks, especially teenagers and the youths. The African Americans are still living in fear in some parts of America because of the negative profiling.